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Regulations#1. Over valley and foot hills TS generally occur during
#2. The condition necessary for the formation of a thunderstorm are:
Thunderstorms typically occur within well-developed cumulonimbus clouds (Cb). The formation of thunderstorms requires several key conditions:
Steep Lapse Rate: A lapse rate significantly greater than the saturated adiabatic lapse rate (SALR) is necessary to create unstable conditions. This unstable layer should be at least 10,000 feet thick and extend above the freezing level.
Sufficient Water Vapor: Adequate water vapor must be present to form and sustain the cumulonimbus cloud.
Trigger Mechanism: A trigger action is needed to initiate early saturation and enhance instability. This could be a frontal system, localized heating, or other disturbances.
#3. For detecting precipitation a Radar wavelength in the range _____ is suitable
Radar Detection of Thunderstorms
Storm Detection Radars (weather radars) specifically designed for thunderstorm detection are used to locate, track the development, and monitor the dissipation of thunderstorms. These radars can be ground-based or airborne. For detecting precipitation, a wavelength in the range of 3 to 20 centimeters is suitable. A wavelength of 10 centimeters is widely used for precipitation measurements.
#4. For airborne radars wavelength generally used
Radar Detection of Thunderstorms
Storm Detection Radars (weather radars) specifically designed for thunderstorm detection are used to locate, track the development, and monitor the dissipation of thunderstorms. These radars can be ground-based or airborne. For detecting precipitation, a wavelength in the range of 3 to 20 centimeters is suitable. A wavelength of 10 centimeters is widely used for precipitation measurements.
#5. Norwesters originates over
These are severe thunderstorms that approach from the northwest in regions of West Bengal, Chhattisgarh (including Chota Nagpur), Jharkhand, Bihar, northeast India, and Bangladesh from March to May.
#6. A short duration, showery precipitation is associated with
Cumulonimbus clouds (Cb) can produce showers ranging from light to heavy, depending on the stage of the thunderstorm.
#7. Norwesters are
These are severe thunderstorms that approach from the northwest in regions of West Bengal, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Bihar, northeast India, and Bangladesh during March to May.
#8. Wind speed in Light DS is
#9. Hail is most likely to fall from a cloud
In the mature stage of a thunderstorm, a vertically developed cumulonimbus cloud often exhibits both updrafts and downdrafts. When the cloud’s updrafts can no longer support the weight of hail, it falls to the ground as a hail shower.
#10. For a severe TS one of the requirements is strong Wind Shear
Vertical wind shear, which refers to changes in wind speed or direction with altitude, can contribute to the development of larger, more severe thunderstorms. This is because shear can help tilt and organize thunderstorms, allowing them to grow taller and become more intense.
#11. Hail is
Hail forms as ice crystals grow by colliding with supercooled water droplets in thunderstorms. It has an onion-like structure of alternating rime and clear ice layers. Large hail, up to 5.5 inches in diameter, can cause significant damage to aircraft, including dents, holes in windshields, shattered astrodomes, ripped-off deicer boots, and bent fins. Hailstorms can occur up to 45,000 feet in cumulonimbus clouds and under the anvil.
#12. Norwesters normally occur during
These severe thunderstorms approach from the northwest in regions of West Bengal, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Bihar, northeast India, and Bangladesh from March to May. They typically occur in the afternoon.
#13. The diameter of a Macroburst
Microburst: A localized column of sinking air (downdraft) within a thunderstorm, typically less than or equal to 2.5 miles (4 kilometers) in diameter.
Macroburst: A larger-scale downburst, generally exceeding 2.5 miles (4 kilometers) in diameter.
Key Points:
Microbursts are smaller and more localized than macrobursts.
Both can cause significant damage at the surface, especially to aircraft.
Microbursts are a particular hazard for airplanes during takeoff and landing due to their sudden changes in wind speed and direction.
#14. Over the sea TS are more frequent
At night, the sea is often warmer than the land, leading to the lifting of air and potentially triggering thunderstorms. This phenomenon is more common in coastal regions.
#15. When flying through an active TS, lighting strikes are most likely
#16. Duststorm usually occurs over NW India during
During the pre-monsoon season, when temperatures reach around 35°C, thunderstorms with limited vertical development often occur in desert and semi-arid regions due to insufficient atmospheric moisture. These thunderstorms can cause low visibility.
#17. A ‘mature’ thunderstorm has strong
#18. Severe TS cells are tilted
Vertical wind shear, which refers to changes in wind speed or direction with altitude, can help tilt thunderstorms. This tilting can prevent updrafts from being cut off by downdrafts, allowing thunderstorms to grow larger and more severe.
#19. Norwesters occur during
These are severe thunderstorms that approach from the northwest in regions of West Bengal, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Bihar, northeast India, and Bangladesh during March to May.
#20. The trigger action may take place due to
The so-called triggers or lifting forces for thunderstorm development include:
Convection: The upward movement of warm, moist air due to differences in temperature and pressure.
Orographic uplift: The forced ascent of air over mountains or other elevated terrain.
Convergence: The meeting and merging of air masses from different directions, leading to upward motion.
Frontal uplift: The lifting of warm air over a cold air mass along a frontal boundary.
#21. The wavelength of TS detection X band radar is
#22. Over plains TS mostly occur during
While triggers can occur throughout the day, they are more common in the afternoon in plains regions due to increased solar heating and convective instability.
#23. The wavelength of storm detection S band radar is
#24. Loud peals of thunder, frequent flashes of lightning, moderate or heavy showers accompanied by light hail with maximum wind speed 15-40 kt is classified as
#25. Norwesters occur during
These are severe thunderstorms that approach from the northwest in regions of West Bengal, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Bihar, northeast India, and Bangladesh during March to May.
#26. Norwesters affect
These are severe thunderstorms that approach from the northwest in regions of West Bengal, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Bihar, northeast India, and Bangladesh during March to May.
#27. Hail grows by
In the mature stage of a thunderstorm, when the cloud’s updrafts can no longer support the weight of hail, it begins to fall. As the hail descends, it can collide with and combine with supercooled water droplets, causing it to grow larger.
#28. Hazards of the mature stage of a TS cell include lighting, turbulence and;
Both large and small supercooled water droplets can contribute to icing on aircraft. Wind shear, resulting from updrafts and downdrafts,
#29. Aircraft icing is most favoured in the cloud which have temperatures ranging between
These clouds have a high water droplet content with fewer ice crystals and favorable temperatures for icing.
#30. Generally the severest activity of a heat type TS is for
The mature stage of a thunderstorm typically lasts 30-45 minutes and is characterized by strong updrafts and downdrafts.
#31. Andhi (blinding storms) occur generally over
During the pre-monsoon season, when temperatures reach around 35°C, thunderstorms with limited vertical development often occur in desert and semi-arid regions of northern India due to insufficient atmospheric moisture. These thunderstorms can cause low visibility.
#32. The life of Mesoscale Convective Complex TS is
Mesoscale Convective Complex (MCC)
Mesoscale Convective Complexes (MCCs) are large, long-lived clusters of thunderstorms that can cover vast areas. Here are some key characteristics:
Size: MCCs can be thousands of times larger than individual air mass thunderstorms.
Formation: They often form near fronts or in the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ), especially in tropical and subtropical regions.
Lifespan: MCCs can persist for 6 to 24 hours due to the continuous development of new thunderstorms within the complex.
Severe Weather: MCCs can produce severe weather, including heavy rainfall, strong winds, hail, lightning, and even tornadoes.
Flash Floods: MCCs can also lead to flash floods, a sudden rise in the level of rivers or streams, due to intense rainfall over a short period.
MCCs are considered synoptic-scale systems, meaning they are large-scale weather features that can influence regional weather patterns.
#33. The life of a Cb cell is usually
The typical stages of a thunderstorm are:
Cumulus stage: 15-20 minutes
Mature stage: 15-20 minutes
Dissipating stage: 1 hour
The total lifespan of a thunderstorm is typically 2-3 hours.
#34. The diameter of a Microburst
Microburst: A localized column of sinking air (downdraft) within a thunderstorm, typically less than or equal to 2.5 miles (4 kilometers) in diameter.
Macroburst: A larger-scale downburst, generally exceeding 2.5 miles (4 kilometers) in diameter.
Key Points:
Microbursts are smaller and more localized than macrobursts.
Both can cause significant damage at the surface, especially to aircraft.
Microbursts are a particular hazard for airplanes during takeoff and landing due to their sudden changes in wind speed and direction.
#35. The most hazardous cloud for variation is
Cumulonimbus clouds (Cb) can produce showers ranging from light to heavy, depending on the stage of the thunderstorm. In the mature stage, hail can pose a significant threat to aircraft.
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