Aviation Psychology and Human Factors - Air Regulations - RK Bali

#1. Stress occurs

With inexperienced pilots when the situational demands exceed their individual capabilities

While monitoring the progress of motor programmes

While concentrating on routine procedures

#2. Divided attention is the ability

To overcome mental blocks

To execute several mental activities at almost at the same time

To train or practice regularly

#3. Stress promotes

A decrease in physical strength rather than promoting mental performance

An increase in physical strength rather than promoting mental performance

An increase in mental performance rather than promoting physical strength

#4. An over stressed pilot may show the following symptoms

Deterioration in motor coordination

Concentration and determination to complete the task

Low pitch voice and slow speaking

#5. Which of the following statement is correct?

Domestic stress will not affect the pilot's performance

A moderate level of stress may improve performance

A student will learn faster and better under severe stress

#6. In the initial phase of flight training

The pilot is competent to fly and knows at this stage what he can and cannot do

The pilot is confident of his abilities and is able to negotiate all challenges in adverse situations

The pilot is competent enough to fly the aircraft at this stage, but does not have a great deal of confidence in his/her abilities

#7. A pilot is skilled when he

Is familiar with his aircraft systems

Trains or practices regularly, knows how to manage himself/herself and knows how to keep resources in reserve for coping with the unexpected

Is directing and focusing psychological resources to enhance perception, performance and mental experience

#8. Anthropometry is the study of

Human workspace

Human measurement

Human working conditions

#9. The human information processing system is highly efficient compared to computers because of its

Working memory capacity

Flexibility

Speed

#10. Cockpit lights should

Avoid harsh shadows and reflected glare

Contain red filters

Be covered with non-reflective plastic

#11. Normally the design of aircraft uses measurements taken from

The entire population disregarding both the 5% lowest and the 5% highest

The entire population disregarding the 5% lowest

The entire population

#12. The most important requirement in the design of both displays and controls is

Accessibility

Positioning

Standardization

#13. Many pilots think ahead to deal with abnormal situations

This has to be positively appreciated for it increases consistency in action

This has to be rejected because the company draws the rules and the procedures they have to comply with

This is dangerous for every situation is different

#14. In an abnormal situation the pilot has an apparently correct explanation for the problem. The chance that he/she now ignores or devalues other relevant information, not fitting into his/her mental picture is

The same, no matter if he/she has already made up his/her mind

Decreasing

Increasing

#15. What are the main factors which bring about hypovigilance?

The monotony of the task, tiredness, the need for sleep and a lack of stimulation

State of low fatigue is liable to cause phases of drowsiness and hypo-vigilance

Stress, panic and the need to keep awake

#16. Hypovigilance is

An extremely agitated state of panic or near panic

A state of high fatigue liable to cause phases of drowsiness and hypo-vigilance

Tends to lead to slower but more accurate responses

#17. The human brain has

Different reservoirs of resources for information-gathering, information-processing or action phase

One reservoir of resources for information-gathering, information-processing or action phase

Different reservoir of resources for all phases of information stored briefly in our sensory memory

#18. If a pilot has to perform two tasks requiring the allocation of cognitive resources

The sharing of resources causes performance on each task to be reduced

Resources are not limited, there is no deterioration in tasks being performed

Multi-tasking is very common in aviation, hence pilots need not worry

#19. What are the main signs indicating the loss of vigilance?

Increase in sensory perception and loss of concentration

Decrease in sensory perception and sensation of muscular heaviness

Blurred vision

#20. Which are the preferred solutions to manage phases of reduced or low vigilance (hypovigilance)?

Healthy living and organizing periods of rest during the flight

Exercise and meditation

Selective attention to important matters only

#21. The three distinct phases to developing a Motor Programme or skill (Anderson model) are

Cognitive, associative and autonomous

Training, practice and specialization

Learning, perfecting and demonstrating

#22. “Divided attention” is

To execute several mental activities at almost the same time

To prioritize the activities depending upon the relevance

To develop skills to monitor multiple instruments

#23. The available cognitive resources of the human brain

Are of unlimited capacity of the central decision maker and working memory

Are limited and make it impossible to perform two attentional tasks at the same time

Can be trained to perform several attentional tasks together through motor programs

#24. The “cocktail party effect” is

To exceed alcohol limits unintentionally

The ability to pick up relevant information unintentionally

To gather irrelevant information intentionally

#25. Attention and Concentration is essential for pilots, however

Capacity of attention and concentration is limited

Sensory information is a stumbling block

Attention cannot move very quickly from item to item

#26. The first stage in the information process is

Sensory stimulation

Attention

Perception

#27. In the short-term-memory, information is stored for approximately _ and its capacity is _ items.

40 to 60 seconds, 11 + 3

20 to 30 seconds, 7 + 2

10 to 20 seconds, 7 + 2

#28. Motor programmes are

Routines stored in sensory memory to be executed without continuous conscious control

Held within the Long Term Memory and can be carried out without conscious thought

Held within the Short Term Memory and can be carried out without conscious thought

#29. NREM sleep Stage 4 is

Beginning of deep sleep

End of deep sleep

Deep sleep

#30. Concerning the capacity of the human long-term memory

Its storage capacity is unlimited, although frequently there may be retrieval problems

Its storage capacity is unlimited, there are no retrieval problems

Its storage capacity is limited. Can be improved considerably by rehearsals

#31. Murphy’s law states

If equipment is designed in such a way that it can be operated wrongly, then sooner or later, it will be

Safety is paramount in designing any equipment

Operational well-being of personnel is the industry need

#32. Which of the following are primary sources of motivation?

Loyalty to the employer and high arousal level

Skill learning, mnemonics and insight

Satisfaction and feelings of achievement, rewards, punishment, and goal attainment

#33. Flying a coordinated turn is

Skill-based behavior

Attention-based behavior

Experience-based behavior

#34. The following factors can interfere with accurate situational awareness

Stress, Boredom and Fatigue

Emotional disturbance, Poor communication and interruptions

Both A and B are correct

#35. Which of the following provides the basis of all perceptions?

We perceive most of the information reaching our senses at any moment

Perception involves the conversion of the sensory information received into a meaningful structure

Sensory information that we expect to receive is not easily perceived

#36. How can optimum arousal and vigilance affect a pilot?

High arousal and vigilance are necessary for a pilot in all stages of flight

In low arousal and vigilance, there is a real danger of attention becoming narrowed

Too little arousal and vigilance have an inert affect, while too much has a hyper affect

#37. An attention mechanism is required because

Attention is the deliberate devotion of the cognitive resources to a specific item

Attention can move very quickly from item to item

There is a limit to the number of items held or maintained in short term memory (or working memory) and our channel capacity is limited

#38. Hyper vigilance is

Necessary in critical stages of a flight

Necessary to allow flight crew to concentrate on instruments while landing

In its most acute forms, an extremely agitated state of panic or near panic

#39. What is meant by Episodic memory?

Memory of events or 'episodes' in our life, held in the short term memory

Memory of events or 'episodes' in our life, held in the long term memory

Stores knowledge of the major events or episodes in the world in long term memory

#40. Automated assistance for the human operator must be highly reliable, it

Enables pilots to use their motor skills effectively in case the machine fails

Induces hyper vigilance resulting in complacency

Induces complacency, human expertise may gradually be lost if the machine fails

#41. The achievable rate of human error after practice is

1 in 10 times

1 in 100 times

1 in 1000 times

#42. Sleep is basically divided into two components

Sleep credit and sleep debit

Rapid Eye Movement (REM) sleep and Non-Rapid Eye Movement (NREM) sleep

Light sleep and deep sleep

#43. In the absence of all time cues (Free running circadian rhythms), the biological clock has a natural cycle of about

26 hours

25 hours

24 hours

#44. Circadian cycles cause body temperature to change. At approximately what time of day is our temperature at its lowest value?

19:30

14:30

4:30

#45. Flying from Hyderabad to Berlin with a layover of 22 hours, what time measure is relevant for your circadian rhythm?

ZT (zonal time)

IST (Indian Standard Time)

LT (local time)

#46. Performance loss may be present up to

60 minutes after awaking from a short sleep (nap)

30 minutes after awaking from a short sleep (nap)

20 minutes after awaking from a short sleep (nap)

#47. As a result of automation in cockpits

Pilots may be replaced in the cockpit with AI in the near future

Pilots, computers and machines are not alternatives, but complementary factors in ensuring flight safety

Humans being responsible for the majority of accidents are dispensable

#48. A skilled motor task will be momentarily disrupted by a startle reflex but return to normal within

Five to ten minutes

Five to ten seconds

Two to three minutes

#49. Easily observable indications of stress are

Perspiration, flushed skin, dilated pupils and slow breathing

Perspiration, flushed skin, low blood pressure and slow breathing

Perspiration, flushed skin, dilated pupils and fast breathing

#50. The key to reducing cockpit workload is

Good cockpit housekeeping

Good communication and flying skills

Thorough flight planning

#51. Which of the following statement is correct with respect to REM sleep?

It is not important for the regeneration of mental and physical functions compared to all the other sleep stages

The eye moves rapidly from side to side and the brain wave form is similar to that when a person is awake

There is no eye movement and muscle activity

#52. About _____ of a normal sleep is spent in Stage 2 sleep.

30 percent

75 percent

50 percent

#53. Fatigue is a

Very deep tiredness due to the cumulative effects of a stressful lifestyle and/or living and working environment

Very deep depression due to the cumulative effects of a low arousal and/or living and working environment

Lethargic instant response of a person to the event or circumstances to which he is exposed

#54. To avoid stress

Wish it away, stress is not a natural part of life, hence avoidable

Raise your vigilance and arousal to a high level to counter stress

Know your limits and fly well inside them

#55. Stress factors are cumulative. A cumulative score indicating that a person is life stress free is less than

60

40

20

#56. What does stress management involve?

The recognition and removal of stress

Recognizing stress, accepting it and developing a coping strategy

A constant stress prevention

#57. What are the main effects of a lack of sleep loss on performance?

The brain activity, eye movement become faster and the cardiac activity increases

It affects fatigue, concentration, attention, the risk of sensory illusions and mood disorders

The physiological rhythms of a pilot in a new time zone will re-synchronize quickly to cater for sleep loss

#58. In order to minimize the effects of crossing more than 3-4 zones with a layover more than 24 hours, it is advisable to

Keep in swing with the rhythm of the arrival country for as long as possible and maintain regular living patterns

Keep in swing with the rhythm of the departure country for as long as possible and maintain regular living patterns

Keep in swing with the rhythm of the arrival country for as long as possible and maintain regular living patterns of departure country

#59. Of the following statements concerning the effects of circadian rhythms on performance:

Sensorimotor performance is better in the morning whereas intellectual performance is better in the evening

Sensorimotor and intellectual performance are better in the morning whereas intellectual performance is better in the evening

Sensorimotor performance is better in the evening whereas intellectual performance is better in the morning

#60. Melatonin secretion regulates

Sleep

Metabolism

Muscles

#61. The physiological rhythms of a pilot in a new time zone will resynchronize to this new time zone at a rate of about

1 – 1.5 hours a day

2 – 2.5 hours a day

3 – 3.5 hours a day

#62. The readjustment of the biological rhythms after a time shift is normally more difficult with flights towards the

West

North

East

#63. The main functions of deep sleep are

It essentially allows for motor programmes reactivation and the reconstitution of mental agility

It essentially allows for physical recovery and the reconstitution of neuron energy reserves

It essentially allows for fatigue recovery and the reconstitution of circadian circle

#64. Preventive efforts for mental disorders should be aimed at more common mental health problems such as

Psychosis

Depression, anxiety, and substance misuse

Personal and financial issues

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